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Photography became an important tool of colonial administration soon after its invention. Across European empires, it was used to identify, classify, and manage populations, especially mobile labour. As systems of indentured labour expanded across the Indian Ocean during the nineteenth century, photographic portraits and registration records helped turn Asian labourers into legible and governable subjects. Following Ariella Aïsha Azoulay, photography can be understood here not simply as representation, but as part of an imperial apparatus that organized relations between bodies, images, and authority. Today, the Afro-Asian maritime world is being reshaped by another visual and infrastructural regime. Artificial intelligence, 5G networks, submarine cables, cameras, and sensors are increasingly embedded in smart-city projects, where urban life is continuously translated into data. Chinese technology companies have become major actors in exporting these systems across Asia and Africa, including platforms described as 'City Brain' or 'safe city' infrastructures. 

This doctoral research examines the changing relationship between images, labour, technology, and governance through two historically distinct systems: colonial indentured labour and contemporary Chinese-led smart-city development. Island and coastal cities across the Afro-Asian maritime world provide the main sites of investigation, as many were once key nodes of colonial labour circulation and are now being repositioned within new networks of data, logistics, and technological investment. Rather than suggesting a direct continuity between these systems, the project asks how techniques of identification, visibility, circulation, and control are reconfigured under different political and technological conditions. Through archival research, fieldwork, moving image, and installation, it investigates the shift from the colonial photographic archive towards increasingly computational forms of seeing and governing.

The entrance to Jin Fei Smart City, a major Chinese-led smart-city development in Mauritius. Image courtesy of the artist.
City Brain is the name given to a large-scale smart-city initiative led by a major Chinese technology company. This image visualizes this otherwise abstract vision of data-driven urban governance. Image courtesy of the artist.

The Bifurcated Images

subtitle
Across the Afro-Asian Ocean and Beyond
project team
promoters
An van Dienderen (KASK & Conservatorium), Hugo De Block (UGent)
duration
1.09.2025 — 31.08.2031
keywords
AI, Afro-Asian ocean, coolies, maritime silk road, submarine cables, smart cities
status
doctoral research, ongoing